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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00156_Field_frep31.txt
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1996-12-30
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The fact that covering a 2-
millimeter span of cortex is just
enough to move you into a
completely new area of retina
means that whatever local
operations are to be done by the
cortex must all be done within
this 2 millimeter by 2
millimeter chunk. A smaller
piece of cortex is evidently not
adequate to deal with a
correspondingly smaller retinal
terrain, since the rest of the 2-
millimeter piece is also
contributing to the analysis of
that region. This much is
obvious simply from a
consideration of receptive-field
positions and sizes, but the
point can be amplified by
asking in more detail what is
meant by analysis and
operation. We can start by
considering line orientation.
For any region in the visual
field, however small, all
orientations must be taken care
of. If in analyzing a piece of
retina, a 2-millimeter piece of
cortex fails to take care of the
orientation +45 degrees, no
other part of the cortex can
make up the deficit, because
other parts are dealing with
other parts of the visual field.
By great good luck, however,
the widths of the orientation
stripes in the cortex, 0.05
millimeter, are just small
enough that with 180 degrees to
look after in 10-degree steps,
all orientations can be covered
comfortably, more than twice
over, in 2 millimeters. The
same holds for eye dominance:
each eye requires 0.5
millimeter, so that 2
millimeters is more than
enough. In a 2-millimeter
block, the cortex seems to
possess, as indeed it must, a
complete set of machinery.
Let me hasten to add that the
2-millimeter distance is a
property not so much of area 17
as of layer 3 in area 17. In
layers 5 and 6, the fields and
the scatter are twice the size,
so that a block roughly 4
millimeters by 4 millimeters
would presumably be needed to
do everything layers 5 and 6 do,
such as constructing big
complex fields with rather
special properties. At the other
extreme, in layer 4C, fields and
scatter are far smaller, and the
corresponding distance in the
cortex is more like 0.1 to 0.2
millimeter. But the general
argument remains the same,
unaffected by the fact that
several local sets of operations
are made on any given region of
visual field in several different
layers--that is, despite the fact
that the cortex is several
machines in one.